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(mitochondria)

are organelles provided cytoplasmic double membrane found in most cells eukaryotes. Ranging in size from 0.5 to 10 micrometers ( microns) in diameter. Mitochondria are sometimes described as "energy-generating" cells because they produce most of the supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used as a source of chemical energy. addition to providing energy to the cell, mitochondria are involved in other processes such as cell signaling , cell differentiation, programmed cell death and control cell cycle and cell growth .

• structure and composition:

The morphology of mitochondria is difficult to describe because they are very plastic structures that deform, split and merge. Usually they are represented in extended form. Their size ranges between 0.5 and 1 m in diameter and up to 7 μ in length. Their number depends on the energy needs of the cell. To all the cell's mitochondria is called chondriome Cell.
Mitochondria are surrounded by two membranes clearly different in their functions and enzyme activities, which separated three spaces: the cytosol, the intermembrane space and the mitochondrial matrix.

• outer membrane:

outer lipid bilayer is permeable to ions, metabolites and many polypeptides. That's because it contains proteins that form pores, called porin or VDAC (for voltage-dependent anion channel), which allow the passage of large molecules of 10,000 daltons and an approximate diameter of 20 Å. The outer membrane does relatively little enzymatic or transport functions. Contains between 60 and 70% protein.

• inner membrane:

The inner membrane contains more protein, no pores and is highly selective and contains many complex enzymatic and transmembrane transport systems, which are involved in translocation molecules. This membrane forms invaginations or folds called mitochondrial cristae, which greatly increase the surface for the establishment of these enzymes.

• Function:

from the preceding paragraph shows that the main function of mitochondria is the oxidation of metabolites ( Krebs cycle, beta-oxidation of fatty acids) and obtaining ATP through oxidative phosphorylation , which is dependent electron transport chain , the ATP produced in mitochondria is a very high percentage of ATP synthesized by the cell. Also used to store substances such as ions, water and some particles remains of virus and protein.