Women Groping In Train

(lymphocytes)

Lymphocytes are a type of leukocyte (white blood cell) included within the agranulocytes. Leukocytes are smaller (between 7 and 15 microns), and represent from 24 to 32% of the total in the peripheral blood. Have a large spherical nucleus which stained violet-blue and the cytoplasm is often seen as a peripheral ring of blue. They have a thin rim of cytoplasm containing some mitochondria, free ribosomes and a small Golgi apparatus. Lymphocytes are cells
senior in the immune system, mainly responsible for the specific or acquired immunity.
These cells are located mainly in the lymphoid organs. Have receptors for specific antigens and, therefore, can recognize and respond to them present. Finally, lymphocytes are responsible for antibody production and destruction of abnormal cells. These responses occur within the lymphoid organs, which, for the purpose, should provide an enabling environment for efficient interaction between lymphocytes, macrophages and foreign antigen. The main cause of stress is increasing.

Lymphocyte (SEM).

Lymphocyte is showing large nucleus (microscope Optical).

Types:

Lymphocytes are difficult to classify cells according to their morphology, so they resorted to the use of "CD's" or differentiation antigens for characterization.
B lymphocytes (bursodependientes) are responsible for humoral response, ie production of antibodies, proteins (immunoglobulins) that attach to a specific antigen (which recognize uniquely). They are able to lipids, proteins, carbohydrates.
T lymphocytes (thymus-dependent) protein antigens detect molecules associated with the main complex histocompatibility complex (MHC 0 CMH)
CD4 + lymphocytes or T4 cells. Recognize antigens presented by MHC-II. Lymphocytes are also called "helper" or partners involved in the immune synapse.
cytotoxic T lymphocytes and CD 8 + lymphocytes. Recognize peptides presented by MHC-I and have lytic capacity.
natural killer cells, Natural Killer (NK) or large granular lymphocyte. They have characteristic markers, involved in innate immunity are able to recognize "self" also have lytic properties.

Transmigration:

Step N ° 1 - Adhesion and rotation: For the lymphocyte to adhere to the endothelial cell exceed the shear forces created by blood flow. This is achieved by a force of attraction between guidance receptors (integrins and L-selectin) and their ligands on the vessel wall that operates through microvilli on the surface of lymphocyte. After this process of adhesion, the lymphocyte broken along endothelial cells and integrins VLA-4 or LpAm-1 on lymphocytes, bind to their ligands on endothelium.
Step N ° 2 - Activation of LFA-1 and flattening: This process leads to the activation and recruitment of the integrin LFA-1 to the lymphocyte surface is not hairy. This integrin binds very strongly to ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 on endothelial cells and intimate contact causes the lymphocyte to flatten.
Step N ° 3 - diapedesis: The flattened-cell interaction is now using the LFA-1-ICAM and the member of the immunoglobulin superfamily PECAM-1 (endothelial adhesion molecule to platelet CD31, not only present in platelets) to way through the endothelial cells and tissue, in response to a chemotactic signal.

Preparation H And Saran Wrap 2010

(leukocytes)

leukocytes (also called white blood cells) are a heterogeneous group of blood cells are the cellular effectors of the immune response and are involved in defending the body against foreign substances o agentes infecciosos (antígenos). Se originan en la médula ósea y en el tejido linfático.

Características:

Los leucocitos son células móviles que se encuentran en la sangre transitoriamente, así, forman la fracción celular de los elementos figurados de la sangre. Son los representantes hemáticos de la serie blanca. A diferencia de los eritrocitos (glóbulos rojos), no contienen pigmentos, por lo que se les califica de glóbulos blancos.
Son células con núcleo, mitocondrias y otros orgánulos celulares. Son capaces de moverse libremente by pseudopodia. Their size ranges from 8 to 20 microns (micrometer). Its lifetime varies from several hours, months and even years. These cells can exit the blood vessels through a mechanism called diapedesis (extended their cytoplasmic content), this allows them to move out of the blood vessel and to have contact with the tissues inside the body.

Rating:

Depending on the shape of the nucleus are classified as non-core
leukocytes or mononuclear lobes:
Lymphocytes Monocytes

Lobed nucleus leukocytes or polymorphonuclear neutrophils


Eosinophils Basophils
observation through the microscope has allowed countries according to their staining characteristics in:
Granulocytes: shows granules in the cytoplasm, rounded and lobed nucleus formed in stem cells Bone marrow eosinophils, basophils and neutrophils.

agranulocyte: no granules in their cytoplasm, lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages.

A Despite these classifications and differences between leukocytes, all related to the body's defense mechanisms. Granulocytes and monocytes destroy phagocytosed microorganisms while lymphocytes produce antibodies against them.

How To Reprogram A Clifford Remote

Piles River Park and San Andres reservoir Heels. Iberian painted frog. Comments

The newspaper gijonés

"El Comercio" in its issue of the day June 7 brings the news of the opening of River Park Piles. One of the areas preferred by some champions of those who collaborate in this blog, it has a great mind and a huge potential for the future. The link to the news:

http://www.elcomerciodigital.com/v/20100607/gijon/gijon-abre-jueves-zona-20100607.html

However, the huge whirlwind of water that fell for several days last week that the site was flooded and the opening was postponed. We remember those who read us the big pond is designed Riverside Park to serve as an overflow of the river flow when there are abnormal floods from heavy rains that bring some storms. In subsequent editions of the newspaper "El Comercio" you can see some photos of the floods caused by overflowing of the river

http://www.elcomerciodigital.com/v/20100611/gijon/gijon-desbordado-lluvias -20100611.html

This picture is more complicated than the broods of different waterfowl that nest on the site can move forward and become adults. If you want the Riverside Park is a landmark in the east of Gijón, a bird observatory that aims to fit on the hill of the large pond, panels, etc., should undertake a reform that, whatever the water level is reached, there is always an elevated, dry and secure where birds can nest.

Miguel Puente Prendergast brings news of another wetland of Gijón, the San Andres reservoir Heels. Nor has it escaped the flood water level. Yesterday, Monday, all the dam's floodgates were open and draining the excess water stored. The result of increased water in reservoirs was that many proposals have been lost waterfowl. Mainly for the common Coots Fulica atra and Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis. Have disappeared under the water, for example, two common Coot nests Miguel was controlled. The good news is that chickens are grown in Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus :

are also, though very few, Common Coot chicks. And Michael saw the two have approximately one and a half old. There probably was a great slaughter in the lagging brood.

A photo of a Little Grebe, of which Michael saw two:

addition to this that I discussed, Miguel saw the following: Mallards Anas platyrhynchos , great cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo (2), Common Swifts Apus apus in large numbers, common aircraft Delichum urbicum , Sand Martin Riparia riparia and rockers Aircraft Ptynoprogne rupestris, doves Columba palumbus (20), Common Buzzard Buteo buteo , Black Kite Milvus migrans , large Ravens Corvus corax , Common Magpie Pica pica , gulls of various species Larus sp. and several passerines.

As a curiosity (sad), mention to a message Ivan Diaz Pallares, the administrator of the blog "Learning to fly", whose link you have in the right column of the homepage of this blog, has posted on the forum of the COA in the message that Ivan had witnessed the looting the nests of a colony of Common Swifts by a common Magpies. They took almost everything. Including some adults. It is still one more episode in the struggle for life. Eat or be eaten. Kill to live. But it's sad to contemplate. Common Magpie, as the Jays Garrulus glandarius long ago have greatly increased their numbers. What are the causes? The know. But I suspect that the decline of natural predators (Accipiter gentilis Goshawk , peregrine falcons Falco peregrinus ), among others, has something to do with it.

Regarding the Iberian painted frog Discoglossus galganoi is endemic to Northwest Iberian Peninsula. Its distribution includes the western half of Portugal and mainland Spain. In Asturias, although common, is increasingly rare presence as you move further east. In our region can be found from almost sea level to fairly high levels. But the most common altitude where we can reach is between 200 and 300 meters. The main threats to the species are destruction and habitat alteration. We have seen, for example, American Red Crabs Procambarus clarkii and larvae feeding on proposals.

The painted frog that we showed today is located in an area recently Deva where they had seen some put a little over a month. In a subsequent visit to observe the evolution of rates, one of the contributors to this blog photographed this specimen in the vicinity:

We thank the friends who have helped us in making this entry. And we ask We strongly apologize for the delay in publishing the data.

Fuel Pump Relay Astra Izuzu

(Life)

from the point of view of biology, which is the most commonly used, refers to that which distinguishes the animal, plant, fungi, protists, archaea and bacteria from other manifestations of nature. Involves the capacity to be born, grow, reproduce and die, and eventually evolve. Scientifically
could defined as the ability to manage the internal resources of a physical being so adapted to changes in their environment, without a direct correspondence between cause and effect relationship between the being who manages the resources and the change in the average that being, but an asymptotic approximation to the ideal established by that be ideal that never reached its full achievement by continuing environmental dynamics.

General:

In science: In terms of science, and physics and related sciences, life refers to the duration of things or the process evolution (half-life, the life cycle of stars.)
In biology, it is considered essential that the internal condition categorized by both their similarities and differences, living beings. In general, the intermediate state between birth and death. From a biochemical point of view, life can be defined as a state or special character of the area reached by specific molecular structures, with the capacity to develop, maintain an environment recognizing and responding to stimuli and reproduce allowing continuity. These structures provide a range of biomolecular stability that allows life to be continued, and eventually evolutionary dynamics. Thus, living are distinguished from inert beings by a set of features, the most important molecular organization, reproduction, evolution and management of non-spontaneous internal energy.
In medicine, there are different interpretations of scientific literature on the time given in the beginning of human life to exist, therefore, according to religious or ideological convictions and legal requirements, life exists from which the egg is fertilized or from longer is not legally possible abortion, to the irreversible cessation of brain activity or brain death. It also defines the vegetative life as a set of involuntary neural and hormonal functions that fit the environment internal to the body is and respond in the best circumstances to external environmental conditions, functions that appear to be governed by the hypothalamus and the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.
In Cosmology, is not yet known nor is it known whether it will be possible to ascertain the existence of life elsewhere in the universe other than Earth, but scientists such as the now defunct popularizer Carl Sagan think that, probabilistically speaking, and taking into account the conditions ias needed for life as we know, the cosmos is so vast that it is necessary to have even advanced civilizations on other planets. The Drake equation is an initial attempt to estimate the number of civilizations existing beyond Earth. A series of scientific projects, SETI projects are dedicated to the search for extraterrestrial intelligent life. Moreover, the recent superstring theory has, among other findings, the possible existence of infinite parallel universes in which there would be a part of life worlds with identical and known, as well as in other universes, worlds with variations from from subtle to our total, in a large-but finite-range of possibilities.
From the perspective of psychology, life is an appreciative sense of self through interactions with the environment, and, in reaction to this sentiment, the struggle to sustain their preferred state homeostasis.

Life and Biology:

in biology is defined as living self-organized molecular structure capable of exchanging energy and matter with the environment with the purpose of self-maintenance, renewal and ultimately reproduce.
The obvious manifestation of the above is displayed in lifestyle. This event is distinguished from the rest of the ecosystem properties of a set of characteristics common for certain material systems, which are called living beings. A living being is a combination of different systems can be integrated for the convenience savings on resources caused by the association. Separate systems require external input and generate waste. Disposal of a system used to supply the other (recycling). This integration allows the body (the set of all embedded systems) can handle the disorder inherent to the natural tendency of each system separately to disrupt the information. The disorder creates a need expressed by charged molecules, amino acids or protein chains. These charges demonstrate the inherent properties of the system and the system 'neighbor' interaction as waste by providing what the other needs as feedstock. In this way we get and processes in a sustained period of time and energy materials, which are transferred properly by any of the systems capable of transmitting such information. The end result minimizes the internal entropy of the living system, the external supply needed for the process does not falter.

Attaching Curtain Panels

(nucleolus)

In cell biology, the nucleolus or nucleolus is a core region regarded as an organelle. The main function of the nucleolus is the production and assembly of ribosomal components. The nucleolus is roughly spherical and is surrounded by a layer of condensed chromatin. The nucleolus is the most prominent heterochromatic regions of the nucleus. There is no membrane separating the nucleolus from the nucleoplasm.

The nucleoli are made of protein and ribosomal DNA (rDNA). The rDNA is a fundamental component since it is used as a template for transcription of ribosomal RNA, to incorporate new ribosomes. Most of the animal and plant cells have prominent nucleoli, although there are certain cell types that do not. In addition to the nucleolus takes place the production and maturation of ribosomes, and most of the ribosomes found within it. Also, is believed to have other roles in ribosome biogenesis.
The nucleolus is fragmented in division (although it can be seen in mitotic metaphase). After separation of the daughter cells by cytokinesis, nucleolus fragments merge again around the nucleolus organizer regions of chromosomes.

Number and Structure:

The number of nucleoli is quite variable depending on cell type studied. Even within the same cell type, can provide important variations in quantity. Most cells have one or two nucleoli, although they can reach to many such as amphibian oocytes, which have come to find a thousand nucleoli.
Morphologically, the nucleolus is usually spherical but can adopt irregular shapes. Usually found in the center of the nucleus or slightly shifted to the periphery. Its size can also be very variable but usually ranges between one and two microns. The nucleolus is divided into two parts: Part
amorphous: there is little dense to electrons consists of interconnected spaces with each other and which are among the most dense. Is equivalent to the nucleoplasm.
Dense part: how the nucleolonema. This part shows the electron dense, but there are different regions depending on their degree of density:
fibrillar centers or Central Zone: the region with lower density. It consists of a network of fibrils of 4-5 nm thick. The form is usually globular, with a diameter of 50 nm to one micron. The number and size of the central regions is variable and depends on cellular activity and the need for production of more ribosomes. In a cell with large central areas there is more activity in another cell with little activity. DNA fibrils may occur and some RNA. This region is the DNA of the nucleolar organizer and some proteins and enzymes involved in transcription. These regions are not essential. Dense fibrillar components
Fibrilar or party, is the most dense. Are ribonucleoprotein fibrillar structures with a thickness of 8-10 nm. These are regions with DNA and ribosomal RNA formed and to which proteins bind. Normally surround the central area, and its size reflects the amount of rRNA that is occurring.
granular region: there is less dense to electrons than the more dense fibrillar and the fibrillar center. It consists of granular structures of 25 nm in diameter that correspond to ribosomal subunits that are forming. In some cases occur dense mass of DNA associated with nucleolus (nucleolus-associated heterochromatin). The granular components are small granules with a diameter of about 15 nm. They usually occur forming a mass surrounding the fibrillar complex and bind the central area with dense fibrillar component.

Function:

The main function of the nucleolus is the biosynthesis of ribosomes from their DNA to form components of ribosomal RNA. Is related to protein synthesis. In cells with a intense protein synthesis many nucleoli.
addition, recent studies have described the nucleolus as responsible for the trafficking of small RNA segments. The nucleolus also participates in the maturation and transport of RNA to its final destination in the cell. Although the nucleolus disappears
divisive current studies say that regulates the cell cycle.

What Is My Shoe Width

(ribosomes)

Ribosomes are supramolecular complexes responsible for synthesizing proteins from genetic information DNA that comes in the form of transcribed messenger RNA (mRNA). They are visible only by electron microscopy because of its small size (29 nm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic 32 nm). Under the electron microscope are seen as round structures, dense to electrons. Under the microscope are seen to be responsible for the basophilia exhibited by several cells. They are in every cell (except sperm).

In eukaryotic cells, ribosomes are produced in the nucleus but perform their function of synthesis in the cytosol. They consist of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and protein. Structurally, they have two subunits. In cells, these organelles appear in various states of dissociation. When complete, may be isolated or forming groups (polysomes), the proteins synthesized by them primarily active in the cytosol, they can also appear associated with rough endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear membrane, and proteins are synthesized mainly for export.

Both rRNA and ribosomal subunits are usually appointed by their sedimentation coefficient in Svedberg units. In eukaryotes, ribosomes the cytoplasm are called 80 S. In mitochondria and plastids of eukaryotes and prokaryotes, there are 70 S.

prokaryotic ribosomes:

The ribosomes of prokaryotes are the most studied. Are 70 S and its molecular weight is 2,500 kilodaltons. RRNA molecules are the 65% of the ribosome and the proteins represent 35%. Ribosomal RNA molecules are rich in adenine and guanine to form a helix around proteins. Ribosomes are composed of two subunits:

subunit: is 50 S. It consists of two molecules of RNA, a 23 S and another 5 S. In addition there are 34 basic proteins of which only one is repeated in the small subunit. Subunit
minor: S is 30 and has a molecule of 16 S rRNA as well as 21 proteins.

Eukaryotic Ribosome:

In eukaryotes, ribosomes are 80 S. Its molecular weight is 4,200 Kd. Contain 40% rRNA and 60% protein. As prokaryotes are divided into two subunits of different sizes: large subunit
: is 60 S. It has three types of rRNA, 5 S, 28 S and 5.8 S and has 49 proteins, each different from the small subunit. Subunit
child: is 40 S. It has a single molecule of 18 S rRNA and contains 33 proteins. Depending on which eukaryotic organism is, the 18 S rRNA can be disrupted.

Ribosome of plastids:

Ribosomes displayed in plastids are similar to prokaryotes. They, like prokaryotes, 70 S, but in the large subunit rRNA is a 4-S which is equivalent to 5 S prokaryote.

Functions:

Ribosomes are the organelles responsible for protein synthesis in a process known as translation. The information required for this synthesis is in the messenger RNA (mRNA), whose sequence of nucleotides determines the amino acid sequence of the protein, in turn, the mRNA sequence from transcription of a gene's DNA. Transfer RNA carries amino acids to ribosomes where incorporated into the growing polypeptide.

Translation:

The ribosome reads the messenger RNA and assembles the amino acids supplied by the transfer RNA to the protein in growth, a process known as translation or protein synthesis.
All proteins are composed of amino acids. Among the living beings have been discovered so far 20 amino acids. In the genetic code, each amino acid is encoded by one or more codons. In total there are 64 codons encoding 20 amino acids and 3 stop signs translation. This makes the code is redundant and there are several different codons for the same amino acid.
The translation generally begins at the AUG codon encoding the amino acid methionine. At the end of the sequence is located one codon that signals the end of the protein is the stop codon. The genetic code is universal because each codon encoding the same amino acid for most organisms (not all).
The ribosome consists of two parts, the large subunit and a smaller, they exit the nucleus separately. The subunits are held together by loads, and experimentally by reducing the concentration of Mg +2, subunits tend to separate.

How Does Cystitis Start

The IES Vega del Turia , who won the ninth stage of Aragon edition of El Pais Student Programming WEEE

10.6.2010.

The other two finalists were the school Our Lady of Mercy, Ejea de los Caballeros, and the IES La Llitera of the Litera Tamarite

A group of high school students the IES Vega del Turia , Teruel, were the winners of phase Giveaway Aragonese Country Students. Second and third place have been, respectively, the college of Ejea de los Caballeros, Our Lady of Mercy, and the IES La Llitera in Tamarite of Litter.

The general director of Educational Administration, Felipe Faci, and deputy director of El País, José Manuel Calvo, have delivered the certificates to all finalists in this phase of the contest Aragon. In addition, IES Vega de Turia participate in the national final to be held in Madrid on 21 June.

A total of 64 teams of students from second year of secondary schools and Bachelor of Aragon (14 of Huesca, 46, Zaragoza and Teruel, 6) have participated in the contest phase Aragonese The Country Students 2010. Felipe

Faci stressed that "The Land of the students are being promoted key aspects in the training of students, such as critical thinking, develop communication skills and linguistic expression. Are also three main pillars of the education system and consolidated programs Aragon Department of Education, Culture and Sports as Invitation to Read, Reading and School Libraries. " In his opinion "must assess the quality of work, the students' participation and commitment of the country."

The Country of Students is a program of educational activities and entertainment, sponsored by El País and Endesa, which are aimed at personal and intellectual formation of students in second cycle of ESO and Bachillerato.

With the help of Internet design software, students create their own newspaper, which consists of a cover and five sections: society and culture, sports, environment, your environment and free theme. Each team prepares, edits and publishes the network through the various sections.

According to the organizers of the program, the press is an excellent teaching tool with which to address different curriculum in a pleasant and multidisciplinary.

The newspaper is an effective teaching tool and not just to remind or reinforce English language content but to work on issues such as geography, mathematics, history, chemistry and biology, and to address cross-cutting issues such as health education and equal opportunities for both sexes.

How Do You Make Acommunication Board

(lysosomes)

Lysosomes are relatively large organelles formed by rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and then packaged for the Golgi complex , containing hydrolytic enzymes and proteolytic used to digest the material of external origin (heterofagia) or internal (autophagy) that reach them. That is, are responsible for cellular digestion .

lysosomal enzymes:

The pH inside lysosomes is 4.8 (significantly lower than that of the cytosol, which neutral) because proteolytic enzymes work best at an acidic pH. Lysosome membrane stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H +) from the cytosol, and also protects the cytosol and the rest of the cell of digestive enzymes that are inside the lysosome.
lysosomal enzymes capable of digesting bacteria and other substances that enter the cell by phagocytosis, endocytosis or other processes.
Lysosomes use their enzymes to recycle the different cell organelles, and are classified, digesting them and releasing their components into the cytosol. In this way the cell organelles are continually replenished. The digestion of organelles called autophagy. For example, liver cells were completely reconstituted every two weeks.
most important enzymes of the lysosome are
Lipase, which digests lipids,
glucosidase, which digests carbohydrates,
Proteases, which digest proteins,
Nucleases, which digest nucleic acids.
only present in animal cells.

Lysosomal Diseases:

are diseases caused by dysfunction of a lysosomal enzyme or the release of these enzymes incrontrolada in the cytosol, resulting in the Cell lysis.
In some cases the release of enzymes plays a physiological role, allowing reabsorption of structures that are no longer useful, for example the tail of tadpoles during metamorphosis.

Taylor Yogurt Machine Repair

(chloroplast)

Chloroplasts are the organelles cell in eukaryotic organisms photosynthetic dealing with photosynthesis. Are constrained by a sheath formed by two concentric membranes and contain vesicles, the thylakoids, which are organized pigments and other molecules that convert light energy into energy chemistry, is chlorophyll .
The term is used interchangeably to chloroplasts designate any plastid dedicated to photosynthesis, or specifically to own green plastids of green algae and plants .

Plant cells that are visible in the chloroplasts

Structure:

The two chloroplast membranes have a different structure continuous completely defines the chloroplast. Both are separated by a space sometimes wrongly called intermembrane space periplastidial. The outer membrane is highly permeable due to the presence of porins. But not as much as the inner membrane contains specific transport proteins. The internal cavity called the stroma, which are carried out reactions of CO2 fixation, contains circular DNA, ribosomes (70S type, such as bacterial), granules of starch, lipids and other substances. Also, there are a number of delimited by a membrane sacs called thylakoids which are arranged in the chloroplasts of land plants in stacks called grana (plural of granum, grain).

thylakoid membranes containing substances such as pigments photosynthetic (chlorophyll, carotenoids, xanthophylls) and other lipids, proteins of the electron transport chain of photosynthesis and enzymes such as ATP synthase.
By observing the structure of the chloroplast and compared with the mitochondria, we note that it has two membrane systems, defining an inner compartment (matrix) and an outer, space perimitocondrial, while the chloroplast has three, forming three compartments, the intermembrane space, stroma and intratilacoidal space.

Functions:

is the organelle where photosynthesis performed . There are two phases, taking place in different compartments:
light phase: It takes place in the membrane of the thylakoid where is the electron transport chain and ATP synthetase responsible for converting light energy into chemical energy (ATP ) and reducing power generation (NADPH ).
dark phase : Occurs in the stroma, which is the enzyme RuBisCO responsible for fixing CO2 by Calvin cycle .

Price Of Beer In Krakow 2010

(mitochondria)

are organelles provided cytoplasmic double membrane found in most cells eukaryotes. Ranging in size from 0.5 to 10 micrometers ( microns) in diameter. Mitochondria are sometimes described as "energy-generating" cells because they produce most of the supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used as a source of chemical energy. addition to providing energy to the cell, mitochondria are involved in other processes such as cell signaling , cell differentiation, programmed cell death and control cell cycle and cell growth .

• structure and composition:

The morphology of mitochondria is difficult to describe because they are very plastic structures that deform, split and merge. Usually they are represented in extended form. Their size ranges between 0.5 and 1 m in diameter and up to 7 μ in length. Their number depends on the energy needs of the cell. To all the cell's mitochondria is called chondriome Cell.
Mitochondria are surrounded by two membranes clearly different in their functions and enzyme activities, which separated three spaces: the cytosol, the intermembrane space and the mitochondrial matrix.

• outer membrane:

outer lipid bilayer is permeable to ions, metabolites and many polypeptides. That's because it contains proteins that form pores, called porin or VDAC (for voltage-dependent anion channel), which allow the passage of large molecules of 10,000 daltons and an approximate diameter of 20 Å. The outer membrane does relatively little enzymatic or transport functions. Contains between 60 and 70% protein.

• inner membrane:

The inner membrane contains more protein, no pores and is highly selective and contains many complex enzymatic and transmembrane transport systems, which are involved in translocation molecules. This membrane forms invaginations or folds called mitochondrial cristae, which greatly increase the surface for the establishment of these enzymes.

• Function:

from the preceding paragraph shows that the main function of mitochondria is the oxidation of metabolites ( Krebs cycle, beta-oxidation of fatty acids) and obtaining ATP through oxidative phosphorylation , which is dependent electron transport chain , the ATP produced in mitochondria is a very high percentage of ATP synthesized by the cell. Also used to store substances such as ions, water and some particles remains of virus and protein.

Can Non-dairy Creamer Replace Milk

(plasma membrane)

plasma or cell membrane is a laminate structure which comprises the cell, defines its boundaries and helps maintain the balance between the inside (intracellular medium) and outside (extracellular) of them. In addition, similar to the membranes that delimit the organelles of eukaryotic cells.
is composed of a sheet that serves as a "container" for the cytosol and internal compartments of the cell, and also provides mechanical protection. It consists mainly of phospholipids (phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine), cholesterol, carbohydrates and proteins (integral and peripheral).
The main feature of this barrier is its selective permeability, allowing you to select the molecules that must enter and exit the cell. In this way remains stable intracellular environment, regulating the flow of water, ions and metabolites, while maintaining the electrochemical potential (making the internal environment is negatively charged).
When a large molecule passes through or is expelled from the cell and invagination of the plasma membrane to coat when inside respectively occur endocytosis and exocytosis processes.
has an approximate thickness of 7.5 nm and is not visible by light microscopy but electron microscopy, where you can see two layers and a central dark side more clearly. In prokaryotes and eukaryotes such as plants and fungi osmótrofas, is placed under another layer, called the cell wall.

Chemical composition:

The chemical composition of the plasma membrane varies between cells depending on the function or tissue in which they are, but you can study general. The plasma membrane consists of a double layer of phospholipids by proteins linked covalently not to that bilayer and carbohydrates covalently linked to lipids or proteins. The largest molecules are the lipids , since it is estimated that for every 50 lipids is a protein. However, the proteins due to their larger size, represent approximately 50% of the mass of the membrane.

Lipids:

98% of lipids in cell membranes are amphipathic , ie which have a hydrophilic end (which has an affinity and interacts with water) and a hydrophobic end (water repellent). The most abundant are phosphoglycerides (phospholipids ) and sphingolipids, which are found in all cells, followed by the glycolipids and steroids (especially cholesterol ). The latter are absent or scarce in the plasma membranes of prokaryotic cells . There are also neutral fats , which are amphipathic lipids, but only represent 2% of total membrane lipids.
phosphoglycerides. They have a glycerol molecule with which a esterified phosphoric acid and two fatty acids long chain, the major membrane phosphoglycerides are phosphatidyl or cephalin and phosphatidylcholine or lecithin . Sphingolipids
. Membrane lipids are composed of ceramide (sphingosine + fatty acid), only the family of sphingomyelin has phosphorus the rest have carbohydrates and thus are called glycosphingolipids or simply glycolipids. The have mainly cerebrosides glucose, galactose and its derivatives (such as N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine ). The gangliosides contain one or more units of N-acetylneuraminic acid ( sialic acid).

Proteins:

The protein content ranges from 20% in the myelin sheath of neurons and 70% in the membrane 80% mitochondrial inner are intrinsic, while the remaining 20% \u200b\u200bare extrinsic. Proteins are responsible for the dynamic features of the membrane, so that each membrane has a very specific provision of protein intracellular membranes with a high proportion of proteins due to the high number of enzymatic activities that they host. In membrane protein plays several roles: conveyor, connecting (linking the membrane with the extracellular matrix or on the inside), receptors (responsible for cell recognition and adhesion) and enzymes. According to their degree of association to the membrane are classified as:
-> Integral or intrinsic : They have hydrophobic regions, for which you can associate within the membrane and hydrophilic regions that located outward, therefore, are amphipathic. Only be separated from the bilayer if it is destroyed (eg with a neutral detergent). Some of these, presents carbohydrate covalently attached to them (glycoproteins).
-> Peripheral or extrinsic : Neither hydrophobic regions and therefore can not enter into the membrane. They are on the inside of this (inside cell). Separate and join this with ease by ionic-type bonds.

Images Thrush Of The Bottom Cheeks

(Difference between eukaryotic cells)

There are several types of eukaryotic cells among which are the cells of animals and plants. Fungi and many protists have, however, some substantial differences.

animal cells:

animal cells of tissues of animals and differ from plant cells without cell walls and chloroplasts, and centrioles and vacuoles have smaller and generally more abundant. Due to lack rigid cell wall, animal cells can adopt variety of shapes and can even engulf other structures.

Plant Cell:

adult cells of plants are distinguished by some features of other eukaryotic cells, such as typical cells of animals or fungi, so they are often described specifically. Often described with the features of a cell of assimilative parenchyma of vascular plant, but its characteristics can not be generalized without the rest of the cells, or adult meristem of a plant, let alone those of very different organisms loosely called vegetables.

The truth is that adult cells of land plants, which seeks to describe this item, show common features convergent with those of other sessile organisms, fixed to the substrate, or passive, taken from the plankton , osmótrofa power, absorption, such as fungi, algae and many pseudofungi. These common features have evolved independently from unicellular protists fagótrofos naked (without cell wall). All osmótrofos eukaryotes tend to base their strength, especially when they reach multicellularity in turgor, which achieved through the development of cell walls, resistant to stress, in combination with the osmotic pressure of proptoplasma, the living cell. So the cell walls are common to fungi, and protists equivalent way of life, which feed by osmotic absorption of organic substances, and plants and algae taking environmental dissolved minerals and perform fotosíntesis.Y also be argued that no centrioles inside as it is only pertaining to animal cells.

the hallmarks of plant cells are

A large central vacuole (enclosed by a membrane, the tonoplast), which maintains cell shape and controls the movement of molecules between cytosol and sap.
A cell wall composed of cellulose and proteins, and in many cases, lignin, which is deposited by the protoplast on the outside of the cell membrane. This contrasts with the cell walls of fungi, which are made of chitin, and the prokaryotes, which are made of peptidoglycan.
The plasmodesmata, linking pores in the cell wall that allow plant cells communicate with adjacent cells. This is different to the network of hyphae used by fungi.
The plastids, especially chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll, the pigment that gives plants their green color and allows them to perform photosynthesis.
Plant groups without flagella (including conifers and flowering plants) also lack centrioles that are present in animal cells. These can also be found in animals of all types in a mammal that is a bird or a reptile.